The standard GEIA grid definition for emissions inventory was selected at the First GEIA Workshop on Global Emissions Inventories, held in Baltimore, MD on December 1-2, 1991: origin at 180oW, 90oS, 1o x 1o resolution (i.e., 360 cells in the longitude direction, 180 cells in the latitude direction). At the Second GEIA Workshop on Global Emissions Inventories, held in Lillestrřm, Norway, June 22-24, 1992, 1985 was selected as the year for the initial GEIA inventory of anthropogenic SO2 and NOx emissions. The standard GEIA gridded population file was selected at the Third GEIA Workshop on Global Emissions Inventories, Amersfoort, The Netherlands, January 31 - February 2, 1993. The file selected was developed by Logan (Jennifer Logan, Harvard University, manuscript in preparation, 1993) using statistical data on national, state, and urban populations.

Inventories of Anthropogenic Emissions of SO2 and NOx, Version 1A.1.

The annual inventory for SO2 emissions compiled by Spiro et al, (1992) was selected to provide the default emissions data for the GEIA SO2 inventories. Anthropogenic emissions in this inventory include emissions from fossil fuel combustion and smelter operations. The Dignon (1992) inventory for NOx emissions, which includes emissions from fuel combustion only, was selected to provide the default emissions data for the GEIA NOx inventories.

Most current anthropogenic emissions data for different geographic regions were solicited from local research groups. The following data have been incorporated in the GEIA inventories.

The most comprehensive inventories of anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx for 1985 in the United States and Canada has been compiled by the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, NAPAP, (Wagner et al., 1986; Saeger et al., 1989). Version 2 of the NAPAP emissions inventories were selected to replace values in the basic GEIA inventories for the U.S. and Canada. Annual values for point sources were directly allocated to the GEIA 1o x 1o grid; the NAPAP spatial allocation file, which allocated population to the NAPAP 20 km grid was used as the basis for the allocation of area sources to the GEIA grid.

The most comprehensive inventories of European anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx compiled under a unified methodology have been assembled by the Co-Operative Program for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long Range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, EMEP, (Sandnes and Styve, 1992) and by the UN/ECE CORINAIR project (Bouscaren, 1990). Emissions for western Europe have been taken from the CORINAIR work; the EMEP inventories supply the data for areas not covered by CORINAIR.

Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx for Australia were obtained from F. Carnovale (1992), Australian Environment Protection Authority, AEPA. Total emissions received were gridded to 1o x 1o; additional information for point sources was also included. NOx data for some point sources were missing from both files.

Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx for South Africa were obtained from S.M Lloyd, South African Department of National Health and Population Development, and R.K. Dutkiewicz, Energy Research Institute, University of Capetown (personal communication, 1993). Sectors represented included electric generation, synfuels, industry, metallurgy, mining, agriculture, transport and domestic. Data received were gridded to 1o x 1o GEIA grid.

Kato and Akimoto (1992) developed inventories of anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx for 251 Asian countries east of Afghanistan and Pakistan for years 1975, 1980, 1985, 1986 and 1987. Transformation (electric utilities, petroleum refineries, etc.), industrial, transportation and other sectors are included in these inventories. Estimates are available on a province and regional basis for China and India; on a country basis for all other countries. Emissions for 1987 were apportioned to a 1ox1o grid by Akimoto and Narita [1994 #293]. The 1985 to 1987 ratio of emissions by country were calculated, and the gridded 1987 emissions were scaled to 1985 values using these ratios. Y. Tonooka (Y. Tonooka, Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, personal communication, 1993) developed an inventory of anthropogenic SO2 emissions for five Asian countries: Japan, China, North and South Korea and Taiwan; emissions from this inventory replaced the Akimoto and Narita values for these countries.

Table 1.

Referance		SO2 (Tg S)/y	Nox (Tg N)/y	Notes
Basic Inventory	Spiro	25.07		Non-indust
Dignon (global)		23.44
North America	NAPAP	12.30	6.24
USSR point sources	Pacyna	4.85	0.50	East of 60 deg. E
Europe, Mid. East, N. Africa	CORINAIR/EMEP	21.26	6.07	Russia to 60 deg. E
So. Africa	So. Africa	0.93	0.22
Asia	Kato & Akimoto	13.04	4.20
5 Asian countries	Tonooka	10.49

The manuscript describing the work to develop the GEIA Version 1A inventories of anthropogenic emissions of SO2 and NOx will be submitted for publication in the NARE special issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research; authors are Carmen Benkovitz, Brookhaven National Laboratory USA, Jane Dignon, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA, Jozef Pacyna, NILU, Norway, Trevor Scholtz, ORTECH International, Canada, Leonor Tarrasón, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Norway, Eva Voldner, Atmospheric Environment Services, Canada, and T.E. Graedel, AT&T Bell Laboratories, USA.

References

Bouscaren, R., Inventaire des Emissions de Polluants dans L'Atmosphere dans La Communate Europeenne en 1985, CITEPA, 1990. Carnovale, F., P. Alviano, C. Carvalho, G. Deitch, S. Jiang, D. Macaulay and M. Summers, Air Emissions Inventory for the Port Phillip Control Region, Clean Air, 26, 134-144, 1992.

Dignon, J., NOx and SOx Emissions from Fossil Fuels: A Global Distribution, Atmos. Environ., 26A, 1157-1163, 1992.

Kato, N. and H. Akimoto, Anthropogenic Emissions of SO2 and NOx in Asia: Emissions Inventories (plus errata), Atmos. Environ., 26A, 2997-3017, 1992.

Saeger, M., J. Langstaff, R. Walters, L. Modica, D. Zimmerman, D. Fratt, D.

Dulleba, R. Ryan, J. Demmy, W. Tax, D. Sprague, D. Mudgett and A.S. Werner, The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data and Modelers' Tapes, Rep. EPA-600/7-89-012a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989. Sandnes, H. and H. Styve, Calculated Budgets for Airborne Acidifying Components in Europe, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991, Meteorological Synthesizing Centre - West. The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 1992. Spiro, P.A., D.J. Jacob and J.A. Logan, Global Inventory of Sulfur Emissions with a 1o x 1o Resolution, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6023-6036, 1992.

Wagner, J., R.A. Walters, L.J. Maiocco and D.R. Neal, Development of the 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1986.

1 Countries included: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, N. Korea, S. Korea, Laos, Macao, Malaysia, Maldivies, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan.

1 Emissions from the following countries are not included in the total: Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, E. Germany, W. Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, N. Korea, S. Korea, Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Malta, Netherlans, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Ussr/Total, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, U.K., U.S.A., Yugoslavia.